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War, Blockades, and Hunger: Nutritional Deprivat=
ion
of German Children 1914-1924
Mary Elisabeth Cox
St.Antony’s<=
span
lang=3DEN-US style=3D'font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif=
";
mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-US'> College,
University of Oxford
Abstract
 =
;
At
the beginning of the First World War, the British imposed a blockade agains=
t Germany
intending to prevent all imports from entering the country. Germans began to
call the British naval action the Hungerblockade, claiming that it seriously damaged the well-being of t=
hose
on the home front, namely women and children, through lack of adequate
nutrition. These German claims that Britain used hunger as a weapon of war
against civilians have sometimes been dismissed as propaganda. However, new=
ly discovered
anthropometric measurements made of German school children during the war g=
ives
credence to German contentions that the blockade inflicted severe deprivati=
on
on children and other non-combatants. Further, these data show that the
blockade exacerbated existing nutritional inequalities between children of
different social classes; working class children suffered the most profound
effects of nutritional deprivation during the war. Once the blockade ended
however, working class children were the quickest to recover, regaining the=
ir
pre-War standards in weight by 1921. They surpassed their own pre-War height
standards by 1923, and approximated the weight of middle class children by
1924. This recovery of working class children is likely due to the outpouri=
ng
of international aid targeted at poor German children. These data also indi=
cate
significant gender inequalities starting at age fourteen in nutritional sta=
tus,
with male adolescents suffering far greater deprivation from 1914-1924.
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